5G SA and NSA Solutions

This paper explains in detail the 5G packet core gateway solution. It also gives an overview of the 5G Architecture, the platform and the hardware details of this solution. 5G is the next generation of Third-Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) technology, after 4G/LTE, being defined for wireless mobile data communication. Starting with 3GPP Release 15 onward, this technology defines standards for 5G. As part of 3GPP Release 15, new 5G Radio and Packet Core evolution is being defined to cater to the needs of 5G networks. The two solutions that will be talked about in this paper are 5G Non-Standalone (NSA) and 5G Standalone (SA) both of which will coexist for some time together. As you might have understood by just looking at the names of these solutions, 5G Non-Standalone stands for the existing LTE radio access and core network (EPC) to be used as an anchor for mobility management and coverage to add the 5G carrier. This solution enables operators to provide 5G services with shorter time and lesser cost, and as for the 5G Standalone an all new 5G Packet Core will be introduced with several new capabilities built inherently into it. The SA architecture comprises of 5G New Radio (5G NR) and 5G Core Network (5GC)

Determining the Optimum Tilt Angles to Maximize the Incident Solar Radiation - Case of Study Pristina

Solar energy is derived from photons of light coming from the sun in a form called radiation. Solar energy finds extensive application in air and water heating, solar cooking, as well as electrical power generation, depending on the way of capturing, converting and distribution. To enable such application, it is necessary to analyze the horizontal tilt angle of horizontal surfaces – in order that when the solar energy reaches the earth surface to be completely absorbed. This paper tends to describe the availability of solar radiation for south-facing flat surfaces. The optimal monthly, seasonal, and annual tilt angles have been estimated for Pristina. The solar radiation received by the incident plane is estimated based on isotropic sky analysis models, namely Liu and Jordan model. The annual optimum tilt angle for Pristina was found to be 34.7°. The determination of annual solar energy gains is done by applying the optimal monthly, seasonal and annual tilt angles for an inclined surface compared to a horizontal surface. Monthly, seasonal and annual percentages of solar energy gains have been estimated to be 21.35%, 19.98%, and 14.43%. Losses of solar energy were estimated by 1.13 % when a surface was fixed at a seasonal optimum tilt angle, and when it was fixed at an annual optimum tilt angle, those losses were 5.7%. Article History: Received February 15th 2018; Received in revised form May 12th 2018; Accepted June 2nd 2018; Available online How to Cite This Article: Berisha, Xh., Zeqiri, A. and Meha, D.  (2018) Determining the Optimum Tilt Angles to Maximize the Incident Solar Radiation - Case of Study Pristina. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.123-13

Static Analysis of Welded Bead of Street Lighting Construction

Public lighting is for sure of unique importance for our safety, but it is also crucial to ensure that the street lighting construction does not fail due to static load or when unpredicted additional loads (like wind storms) could potentially be subjected to. To ensure that the failure of the street lighting construction will not happen, the mechanical properties of the weld joint should be known. Tensile test and hardness measurements were used as destructive examination methods and visual inspection using the welding gauge as a nondestructive examination for measurement of reinforcement and weld size. Finally, static analysis is performed by simulation in SolidWorks software, and the results were compared with the experimental test. Based on the results should be no concern, if the inspection is done properly before, during, and after welding by IWS (International Welding Specialist) personnel and in accordance with WPS (Welding Procedure Specification) and PQR (Procedure Qualification Record)